An Example Of Erik Erikson s Eight Psychosocial Processes

Guide Essay An Example of Erik Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Processes Within One Developmental Stage Title JunXian Tan Identity Formation across Cultural Frontiers Enculturation, Immigration, Acculturation Autumn 2015/10/7 Professor Glen Milstein, Ph.D. The City College of the City University of New York October 7th Words: Description: Kevin is nine years old and he was born in America. His father, Qiang, took him to private tutorial center and helped him finish his homework under teacher’s guide because Qiang didn’t understand in English. At the beginning, Kevin was looking around ceaselessly while the teacher taught him. After his father strictly said, â€Å"pay attention to the teacher.† he stopped looking around. Later, his father left me to look at him and he went to the restaurant. When Kevin found his father disappeared, he stopped working on his homework and played with his pencil while other children kept doing their homework. Even though the teacher persuaded him to work on his homework, he was not listening to the teacher’s advice ,and he twitched his mouth. When Qiang came back and found Kevin wasn’t focus on his homework, he criticized Kevin in front of his classmates. Kevin continuous worked on his homework silently. Finally, he finished his homework and he left the tutorial center with his head down. Mystery: Kevin shows that he does homework only under his father’s supervision. Research Question: What, in Kevin’s developmental stages and processes,Show MoreRelatedEarly Life Experiences Impact The Person Across Their Lifespan930 Words   |  4 Pages(1936) and Erik Erikson theory ‘Psychosocial stages’ (1950). Piaget argued that children develop knowledge by constructing their experience and observe with their own ideas about how the thing works.(Burton, L.J., Westen, d. Kowalski, R.M. 2015) He developed 4 stages of his theory: Sensorimotor Stage, Preoperational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage and Formal Operational Stage. At the same time, Erik Erikson proposed a psychoanalytic theory of psychosocial development comprising eight stages fromRead MoreJoan Eriksons Stages Of Psychosocial Development792 Words   |  4 PagesEriksons stages of psychosocial development, as articulated by Erik Erikson, in collaboration with Joan Erikson,[1] is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages, in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood. All stages are present at birth but only begin to unfold according to both a natural scheme and ones ecological and cultural upbringing. In each stage, the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challengesRead MoreDevelopmental Stage Analysis1644 Words   |  7 PagesPreoperational stage. During this time, children start using language to explore and understand their worlds (rather than relying primarily on sensory and motor activities). In this stage, children ask questions and use symbolic thinking. They may, for example, use words and images to refer to concepts. This is a time for pretending and magical thinking. Children in this phase are somewhat limited by their egocentrism. They can only imagine the world around them from their own perspective. Ben is goingRead MoreTheories Of Sigmund Freud And Jean Piaget1420 Words   |  6 Pagesby breaking down personality in hopes to better understand an i ndividual’s way of conducting. To further understand how development works we will be exploring and comparing the psychological theories of three well-known theorists, Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Jean Piaget. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Also known as the â€Å"father of modern psychology†, Sigmund Freud, was a Vietnamese neuropathologist (LumenLearning, 2017). Upon caring for a patient one day, Freud accidentally discovered that when heRead MoreEriksons Psychosocial Development Theory10839 Words   |  44 Pageserik eriksons psychosocial crisis life cycle model - the eight stages of human development Eriksons model of psychosocial development is a very significant, highly regarded and meaningful concept. Life is a serious of lessons and challenges which help us to grow. Eriksons wonderful theory helps to tell us why. The theory is helpful for child development, and adults too. For the lite version, heres a quick diagram and summary. Extra details follow the initial overview. For more informationRead MoreErikson s Development And Play Theory1248 Words   |  5 Pages Erikson PreSchool Development and Play Theory Diana C. Mafnas Carrington College NUR 352 October 19, 2014 Erikson Pre-School Development and Play Theory As determined by Erickson, an individual must meet phases in order to develop and progress through a healthy personality from birth to death. Erikson accomplishes this by using biological theories concentrated on critical phases of growth and epigenesis. As each phase is met, the individual can successfully move on to the next phaseRead MoreAnalysis of Eriksons Theories on Development2367 Words   |  10 PagesKey Elements of Eriksons TheoryErik Erikson believed that we develop in psychosocial stages versus psychosexual stages that Freud developed (Santrock, 2008, p.23). The word psychosocial was Eriksons term that he derived from the words psychological meaning mind and social meaning relationship (Chapman, 2007). Erikson was concerned with how personality and behavior is influenced after birth. Erikson stood strong on his belief concerning nurture and experience. The key element within EriksonsRead MorePsychosexual Development vs. Psychosocial Development Essay1894 Words   |  8 Pagesfor Freuds scientific life. It was then that Freud became a psychological investigator. His laboratory was a room he treated his patients in, his only piece of equipment was a couch, and his data was the ongoing talking of his patients. In the 1890s Freud began analyzing his own unconscious behavior and thoughts. By doing this he was able to see the work of inner dynamics. With the help of his patients he began laying a foundation to develop a theory for personality. During the nineties The InterpretationRead MoreChildhood Development Observation and Analysis1533 Words   |  7 PagesSamantha’s shyness can also be explained through a learning theorist lens. A strong example of this comes from the research of Burrhus Frederic Skinner. Skinner emphasized reinforcement processes, and saw them as a crucial component in the shaping of behavior and personality. The difference between Jerry and Samantha’s level of shyness can be explained from Skinner’s theory regarding reinforcement (Kaur, 2010). For example, perhaps Jerry lives in a household where communication is scarce, and a negativeRead MoreThe Big Five Personality Traits3406 Words   |  14 Pagesmake decisions in the future and become more self-sufficient. The child learns the societal right and wrongs and knows what is expected of them. 9. Which of Erikson’s stages best describes you? Why? Be specific. Kathleen Berger lists Erikson’s psychosocial stages during adulthood consisting of â€Å"Intimacy vs. Isolation Young adults seek companionship and love or become isolated from others because they fear rejection and disappointment. Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle-aged adults contribute to the

Potential 2020 Republican Presidential Candidates

President Donald Trumps surprise win in 2016 was good news for many in the Republican Party. But the outsider non-politicians win did not make all conservative members of the GOP happy. Some preferred a standard-bearer for the party who fit a more traditional mold than the outspoken New York real estate developer and reality TV star. Others saw him as someone who doesnt actually hold the conservative values he espoused. Three Republicans already have indicated their interest in challenging Trump in the 2020 primary season, and pundits speculate that at least one more might join the race. Bill Weld Former Massachusetts Gov. Bill Welds last run for office was as vice president on the Libertarian Party ticket, but the former Massachusetts governor re-joined the Republican Party to officially challenge President Trump in April 2019. Despite Trumps 90 percent approval rating among GOP voters, Weld insisted in a CNN interview that he can beat the sitting president. His strategy includes getting on the ballot in states that allow for crossover voting, meaning that people who traditionally vote for Democrats are allowed to vote in the Republican primary. Larry Hogan Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan is a moderate Republican who has said he would consider running against Trump in 2020 only if he thought he had a reasonable chance of winning. But polling even in his home state has shown that while Marylanders love him as their governor, Republicans favor Trump in a 2020 primary contest 68 percent to 24 percent. Hogan announced in June 1, 2019 he would not run, saying he would instead lead an advocacy group called An America United. John Kasich Former Ohio Gov. John Kasich already challenged Trump once, in the 2016 primaries, and came up short. The former Ohio governor was tenacious nonetheless and stayed in the fight until the bitter end. Kasich has continued his criticisms of the president as a cable news commentator. He  was rumored to be considering a 2020 campaign, but on May 31, 2019, he announced that he will not run, telling CNN, There is no path right now for me. I dont see a way to get there. Justin Amash Rep. Justin Amash of Michigan is a vocal Trump critic in the U.S. House of Representatives and began being talked about as a challenger to the president after he was the lone Republican in the House to join Democrats in calling for Trumps impeachment in May 2019. But the speculation was not over whether Amash would challenge Trump in the GOP primary. Instead, observers wondered whether the libertarian-minded Amash might indeed jump to the Libertarian party where he might steal enough electoral votes to be a spoiler in the general election. Others Other more conservative Republicans are not interested in challenging a sitting president, either because they support his policies or because they dont want to hurt their own political futures. Those likely waiting for the 2024 election include names like Vice President Mike Pence, Sen. Marco Rubio of Florida, Sen. Ted Cruz of Texas, former U.N. Ambassador Nikki Haley, Sen. Rand Paul of Kentucky, former Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker, or even former Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin.

A Research Study On Stem Cell Research - 2605 Words

â€Å"I truly believe that stem cell research is going to allow our children to look at Alzheimer’s and diabetes and other major diseases the way we look at polio today, which is a preventable disease† (Solomon). Susan Solomon was the researcher that founded the New York Stem Cell Foundation and has been seen as the hero for stem cell scientists around the world. Over the past couple years, stem cell research has been at its highest; scientists all over the world are using these cells to try to find new ways to cure life threatening diseases. There has been experiments where scientists have used stem cells to treat patients that have been brain dead and they use the cells to be placed on the dead portion of the brain and it then starts making the dead portion become functional again. Also, some scientists and doctors have tried using stem cells as a source of transplant for major organs, like: lungs, liver, and even the heart. The main goal of stem cells is to repair p arts of a body due to injury because they are pluripotent. Pluripotent means that they can change into any cell in the body, it could be like: blood cells, brain cells, lung cells, etc. They are believed to divide without limit, and without the body thinking about it and morph into these specialized cells naturally. The first sign of stem cells is when a mother becomes pregnant, during the first 4-5 days, the embryo divides into thousands of tiny cells. Once one of those cells is taken from this group, the wholeShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Stem Cell Research1644 Words   |  7 PagesStem cell research has covered many parts of research today and is growing progressively and becoming more common in research today. These cells have the potential to grow and develop into any other cell type in the body and form or make up the tissues of the body and organs. There are millions of people today who suffer from birth defects or diseases because of damaged cells or tissue. Stem cells give researchers the ability cure and replace almost all the cells in the body and help grow new tissueRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesComposition Stem Cell Research According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary a stem cell is â€Å"a simple cell in the body that is able to develop into any one of various kinds of cells (such as blood cells, skin cells, etc.).† There are two types of stem cells, embryonic and adult. The adult stem cells can can be found in brain, bone marrow, blood, etc. The embryonic stem cells come from a four to five day human embryo during the blastocyst phase (Crosta) . The controversy behind the topic usually stems fromRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research1324 Words   |  6 Pageslike this. He knows that stem cells could help cure him from his misery, so he has been fighting and fighting for stem cell research to be fully funded in America. Stem cells are cells that have the skill to change into any type of cell in the human body (Lewis). These cells could be put anywhere ill in the body to make it healthy again. Imagine all of the people with chronicle diseases and cancer being able to have hope for being happy and healthy again. Also, these stem cells can fix damaged organsRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research2115 Words   |  9 PagesStem cell research, through its ethics, methods, and funding, has caused great controversy over the past several decades. Scientists, medical specialists, religious groups, spiritual groups, the government and the public have devoted a major interest in this subject. Some portray stem cell research as a dangerous, inhumane study whereas others see it as a growing beneficial factor for opportunity of the advancement of the medical world. Stem cell research has been proven to aid various diseasesRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research1665 Words   |  7 Pages Stem cells have advanced the way researchers look at curing what were once considered untreatable diseases. Modern technology has played a key role in the discovering of these stem cells and how they are used in the body. Many argue that the use of adult and embryonic cells is unethical and inhumane to society, however, there is one point taken into consideration when making that statement; if researchers could develop a cure for a disease that was affecting a family member of those who oppose itRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research1307 Words   |  6 PagesStem cell research is a controversial, yet fascinating field of study. The examination of stem cells has captivated political, scientific, and public interest for many decades. Therefore, numerous scientific research studies have been done to determine the exact purpose of stem cells, as well as their beneficial properties. Stem cells have been noted as powerful deterrents when studying and fighting against disease. It is understood that almost every cell in a person’s body has one main functionRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research Essay907 Words   |  4 PagesStem Cell Research A stem cell is defined as having â€Å"the ability to make specialized cells for various tissues in the body, such as heart muscle, brain tissue, and liver tissue† (umm.edu) Two of the most commonly studied stem cells are adult and embryonic. Adult stem cells are cells that have already became specialized, such as heart or muscle tissue. Embryonic cells on the other hand are still in development. This means that with some modifying, then an embryonic stem cell can develop into almostRead MoreA Research Study On Embryonic Stem Cell Research1618 Words   |  7 Pagesfield of science, embryonic stem cell research. This field involves research that could develop cures or methods of preventing, treating, or medicating people afflicted with these debilitating, often deadly disorders. This field, unfortunately, is not supported by everyone. In fact it is so controversial, that in America, federal funding is not allowed. This severely limits the opportunities that these special cells can provide. Yet scientists continue to research these cells, because they feel thatRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell1225 Words   |  5 Pages My research about stem cells, I will be talking about what a stem cell is. Why are stem cells important from a medical perspective? How are stem cells being used today? Where do scientists get stem cells? Why is so much controversy over the stem cells? How does a zygote develop into a baby? Why a zygote is considered a stem cell? A stem cell is an immature cell that can help reproduce different types of cells throughout the body. There are three types of stem cells that I will be focusing on : adultRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell1680 Words   |  7 Pageslife, cells make up every organ and body part of a living organism. Among various types of cells of human bodies, a stem cell can turn into any type of specialized cell of human body. A stem cell is a cell that has the ability to develop into any conceivable different kind of specialized cell type. The existence of a stem cell was first discovered by Drs. James Till and Ernset McCulloch from Canada. A stem cell can be distinguished into two types: adult stem cell and embryonic stem cell. An embryonic

Essay on The War in Vietnam - 1662 Words

The War in Vietnam America became increasingly involved in the war in Vietnam, mainly because of the domino theory, the fear of the spread of communism. If South Vietnam fell to the communist the US feared that communism would spread throughout Asia and to neighbouring countries. The influence of the previous presidents also caused another main reason for the US to become more involved in Vietnam. But there is one underlining fact; if the ‘French had not left, America would not have become involved in Vietnam at all. There are many more reasons for America to increase involvement in Vietnam, and all of these can be listed in long and short-term reasons, such as Domino theory being long term and†¦show more content†¦What Eisenhower wanted was to hit Communism at source, the domino, which was Vietnam. There was already domino’s which fell, China fell (turned communist) in 1949, and communism had also spread to the western side of the world, just 90 miles off America, in Cuba under F idel Castro. Cuba was being supplied by the USSR, who had been communist since 1917. America had been at war with the USSR (the Cold War) in fear Communism spreading. With other countries (like Cuba) turning communist, it gave Russia more power. It was a competition of ideology, which system worked best; communism or democracy. The USSR supplied Cuba with Nuclear Missile’s; this sparked the Cuban Missile Crisis, which proved the Domino Theory and the need to â€Å"prop up† Vietnam (the domino) to stop it falling and communism spreading. The Soviet’s had already expanded through Europe, the whole of Eastern Europe falling to communism, Churchill said, â€Å" An Iron Curtain has drawn over Europe†. This gave a reason for America to increase involvement in Vietnam, to stop another domino falling. Aside from the Domino Theory, another main reason why America got involved was because of the French Exit in Vietnam. The main point for this reason is that if the French hadn’t left Vietnam America wouldn’t have to get involved at all. When the French left, it left a void in Vietnam, that USA filled, a Policeman’sShow MoreRelatedThe War Of Vietnam And The Vietnam War1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe war in Vietnam is The United States and other capitalist bloc countries supported South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) against the support by the Soviet Union and other socialist bloc countries of North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and the Vietcong of war. Which occurred during the Cold War of Vietnam (main battlefield), Laos, and Cambodia. This is the biggest and longtime war in American history during the 1960s (Best 2008). It is also the most significant war after World War IIRead MoreThe Vietnam War On Vietnam1725 Words   |  7 PagesThe War on Vietn am Many believe that the way Americans entered the war against the North Vietnam communists was unjust. The United States got into a war that they had no clue on how to win. â€Å"The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. The divisive war, increasingly unpopular at home, ended with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973Read MoreThe Vietnam War : Vietnam1170 Words   |  5 PagesBeyond Vietnam. The Vietnam War is one of the most traumatic episodes in the history of the United States. Not only because it ended with a defeat for the United States Army, but because unleashed the largest wave of protests in the country, in which the government lost support. Extended over more than a decade, between 1959 to April 30 of 1975, although the US intervened in 1965, in which American soldiers experienced in firsthand scenes of destruction and death. During the Vietnam War clashedRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam920 Words   |  4 Pages1940’s Vietnam was trying to break free of French reign over their country. During this time period Vietnam was split into two parts, north and south. The Japanese had decided to take over Vietnam in 1942. They couldn’t capture all of Vietnam, so they decided to retreat. North Vietnam proclaimed independence on September 2, 1945 as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The State of Vietnam declared independence on June 14, 1949, but rema ined under French rule until August 1, 1954. South Vietnam was theRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War1711 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' The Vietnam War was one of the bloodiest wars in the history of Vietnam. Vietnam use to be a peaceful country until the idea of communism started spreading across Vietnam. Many wanted to stay democratic but saw what happened to the Germans and started to lean towards communism. Many also wanted to stay democratic and still had it hopes high that it will soon get their lives and economy back on track. It later exploded into a huge argument and then leads to a civil war spurring between NorthRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam952 Words   |  4 Pageswords that describe the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War had 240 days of combat in one year. World War II had forty days of combat in four years(Interesting Facts). That statistic shows how rough the Vietnam War was. The fighting was constant between the two sides. This war was fought over politics and had many gruesome battles. Before the Vietnam war, Vietnam was in a revolution because they did not want to be ruled by France. Vietnam wanted to be independent right after World War II ended in 1945. JapanRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1534 Words   |  7 Pages The Vietnam War began November 1st, 1955 and ended April 30th, 1975. It was a long costly war that involved North Vietnam and their Southern allies, known as Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its main ally the United States. This war was very unpopular at home and would end with the withdrawal of the United States and the unification of Vietnam under communist control. Many think of war as something that just men are involved in but very rarely do people think of the role of women in the warRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1573 Words   |  7 PagesA. The Vietnam War occurred from 1955-1975, this included the North and South fighting over government structure of the newly independent state of Vietnam, having recently become independent f rom France. However, the USA was in Vietnam as a sort of protection for the South Vietnamese people, who had a weaker army force, but only a few thousand Americans were in Vietnam for that purpose at the time. On August 7, 1964, the USA entered the war for the purpose of fighting the North Vietnamese due toRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War848 Words   |  4 Pageseverything. The Vietnam War changed a lot of people all around the world. The Vietnam War was between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The Vietnam War was a very bloody and violent war. The war was a long and costly-armed conflict. This war changed Vietnam and its citizens forever. During the Vietnam War, North Vietnam and South Vietnam both had received help from other countries. South Vietnam worked with the United States, South Korea, Thailand, Australia, and New Zealand. North Vietnam worked withRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1540 Words   |  7 PagesMany Americans know about the war that was held in Vietnam, known as The Vietnam War. What Some Americans may not know is the side of Vietnam, and how they were affected with the aftermath. Originally The Vietnamese were controlled by France from 1859 until the defeat of France in World War II (The Vietnam War). Though conflicts had been occurring for many years with France, the Vietnam war didn t actually happen until 1946 the first Indochina War fought between France and the Viet Minh Vietnamese

Drawing from the preceding examples Essay Example For Students

Drawing from the preceding examples Essay This article examines how certain characteristics Off mediator, that is, a mediators information about the disputants and a mediators bias toward hem, affect the success Of mediation Of international conflicts. Drawing a conceptual distinction between absolute and relative bias and measuring the type of information that is relevant for mediation success, demonstrate that both the degree of bias a mediator holds toward the disputants and the degree of information a mediator has about the disputants are significant predictors of mediation success. Mediation of international conflicts by third parties is as old and common as international conflict itself. Throughout history, belligerents have repeatedly turned to the aid of third parties to help them terminate their hostilities. In some instances, mediation serves as a crucial catalyst by providing the opportunity for the belligerents to reach a negotiated settlement, such as the Dayton Accord that ended the war in Bosnia in 1995 (Holbrook 1998), while in other cases it fails to produce a successful outcome, such as the Camp David negotiation between Israel and the Palestinians in 2000 (Ross 2005). Why do some mediation activities produce peaceful outcomes while others fail to achieve success? In this study, I assess how certain characteristics of a mediator, that is, a mediators information about the disputants and a mediators bias towards them, affect he success of mediation of international conflicts. L Although mediation of international disputes is a common practice, our theoretical understanding Of mediation outcomes is still weak. One off-debated factor that is argued to exert considerable influence on mediation outcomes is mediator bias (Outfall 1975; Smith 1994; Carnival and Radar 1996). Are biased mediators more effective than unbiased ones? Under what conditions are biased mediators likely to deliver peace? There is no scholarly consensus on whether and how mediator bias influences the effectiveness of mediation of international disputes (Glibber 996), Therefore, there is ample room for improvement in our theoretical understanding of mediation outcomes. The fact that only 48 percent of mediations of international conflict between 1945 and 1995 produced A previous version of this paper Vass presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, San Diego, California, March 2006 and the Annual Meeting of Peace Science Society (International), Columbus, Ohio, November 2006. Thank Ashley Leeds, Finley and Ernie Budgerigars, Andrew Kiddy, Michael Mattes, Brian Phillips, Bill Reed, Randy Stevenson, Richard Stool and three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and suggestions. Data can be found at http://DVD. IQ. Harvard. Due/DVD/DVD/sis and at http://www. Sanest. Org/ data_archive/. In this study, mediation success refers to the cessation of hostilities between the disputants by the conclusion of a ceasefire agreement or a peace treaty. 2008 International Studies Association. Published by Blackwell Publishing, 350 Main street, Malden, MA 02148, LISA, and 9600 Garrisoning Road, Oxford OX SQ , UK . Electronic cop y available at: http://USSR. Com/abstract=ASSESS 26 Information, Bias, and Mediation Success agreements that resulted in peace (at least in the short term) creates an additional impetus for further scholarly research on mediation outcomes. If it is our goal to increase the Success rate Of mediation activities in the international system, eve need to develop a more compelling theory of mediation outcomes. In this regard, I seek to contribute to our understanding Of mediation outcomes by assessing how a mediators bias and information about the disputants contribute to the likelihood Of mediation success. 3 identify two major reasons why the role of a mediators bias in mediation success is still a debated issue in the literature. First, past mediation studies suffer either from the inability to generalize empirical findings that are based on few case studies or inconclusive empirical results that are based on crude operational measures off mediators bias. To remedy this situation, first establish a conceptual distinction between what I call absolute and relative bias, contend that the degree of bias a mediator has toward one of the disputants depends not only on the relationship between the mediator and the disputant but also on the mediators relationship with the other disputant. Al this relative bias. To create a valid and reliable estimator to bias, construct an additive index of relative bias based on a mediators conflict history, trading relationship, and alliance ties with both of the disputants. To my knowledge, this is the first scholarly attempt to distinguish relative bias from absolute bias and to design a multidimensional measure of mediator bias that is unique to each dispute. Rather than assigning a generic biased or unbiased label to mediators of international conflict, I measure a mediators bias toward the disputants of a particular dispute in various dimensions. A second source of the existing disagreement on the effect of a mediators bias on mediation outcomes is related to what we mean by mediation. Scholars often use mediation to refer to a wide range of third part/ activities that cover the least intrusive mediation styles,4 such as information provision, as well as the most intrusive mediation styles, such as punishments to deter further violence. Given the Wide diversity Of activities that are considered mediation, it is theoretically plausible that mediator bias might be a hindrance for some types Of mediation activities While facilitating the success Of Others. S Therefore, a more appropriate way to investigate the role of bias in mediation outcomes is to distinguish between different types of mediation activities. In this paper, focus on one particular type of mediation activity, information provision strategies, and examine the role of bias as it pertains to this particular form of mediation strategy. Whose to focus on information provision, as it is the most commonly used mediation strategy, yet there is no scholarly consensus on its effectiveness 2 The percentage of success is calculated using the International Conflict Management Dataset (Overstretch 1999). One might argue that an exclusive focus on the type of mediators to understand mediation outcomes might obscure our Longstanding of the topic, as mediation outcomes are also influenced by factors other than mediator characteristics. I agree that other factors, such as the characteristics of disputes and / or disputants, might influence mediation outcomes?although there is no consensus as to how these variables affect mediation outcomes. However, believe that there is more value-added in examining the characteristics of mediators to understand mediation outcomes than in focusing on the nature Of disputes or disputants. The reason is that the latter factors are usually fixed. There is not much we can do to change the nature of disputes or disputants. On the Other hand, the decision to mediate a given international crisis requires an active choice, and such choices are manipulate. International actors can choose who should mediate a given international crisis. If we improve our understanding of what kinds of mediators are good at facilitating settlements between the disputants, we may be able to provide some useful insights that will increase the likelihood that policy makers make more optimal choices in mediation of international conflicts. Use mediation tactic, mediation activity, mediation style, and mediation strategy interchangeably. Smith (1994) called this issue to our attention, and only recently empirical studies to mediation have started establishing distinctions in terms to different mediation styles and their relative effectiveness in bringing peace. For example, see Beardsley, Quinn, Bias, and Wildlife (2006). Electronic copy available at: http://USSR. Com/abstract=1456757 27 in facilitating peace. Different from othe r studies of mediation that evaluate the effectiveness of information provision strategies, this study recognizes hat the kind Of information a mediator has about the disputants matters when evaluating the effectiveness of information provision. Drawing upon the bargaining theory Of war, I contend that a mediator needs to have information about the resolve and/or military capabilities of the disputants to be able to help them reduce the uncertainty responsible for bargaining failures. My measure of information reflects this observation. Develop a new measure of information based on a mediators diplomatic representation in the disputants territory, its trading relationship, and its institutionalized military alliance ties tit the disputants. Different from past studies that evaluate the effectiveness of mediation strategies, this study provides a direct evaluation of the effect of relevant information a mediator has about the disputants on mediation success, By using a measure that is designed to capture a mediators ability to elicit relevant information about the disputants, this study sheds some light on the debate over the effectiveness of information provision strategies in The findings of this research suggest that biased mediators are more likely to deliver successful mediation outcomes than unbiased ones. The higher the agree of bias a mediator has toward one of the disputants, the higher is the likelihood of mediation success. Similarly, find that mediators with relevant information about the disputants are more likely to produce successful outcomes than those without such information. The higher the degree of relevant information a mediator has about the disputants, the higher is the likelihood Of mediation success. This finding reiterates the centrality of private information in explaining bargaining failures. Essay About Drawing On What You Have Learned About City RoadIf commitment problems exist or issues are perceived to be indivisible, war is still possible (Fearer 1995)_ ICC The reference is to Margaret Thatcher. The reference is to hunger strikes by the ARIA prisoners. Argentina does not back down, England Will fight and Will Win the war, as Englands military capabilities are far superior to that of Argentina. In addition, the 1_1_ S. Mediator emphasizes that the costs Of possible war for England are not wry high, as England has high resolve in the Falkland Islands crisis, and thus is Willing to bear the costs Of fighting. Cue that one Of the reasons Why there is no scholarly consensus regarding the effect of a mediators provision of information on the likelihood of peace is that not all kinds of information are able to reduce bargaining failures. Information provided by mediators should be relevant to bargaining failures, that is, it should pertain to the resolve and/ or military capabilities of the disputants. If we can measure a mediators ability to elicit such relevant information about the disputants, we may be able to effectively demonstrate how a mediators information about the disputants brings about peace. From this discussion, we can formulate the following hypothesis, which presents a more nuanced relationship between information provision strategies and mediation success than do the current predictions in the literature, Hypothesis I: Mediators that have relevant information about one of the disputing parties are more likely to be successful in using information provision strategies than those without relevant information. As the degree of relevant information a mediator has about the disputants increases, mediation success becomes more likely. Is a mediators bias an asset or liability for a editor who uses information provision strategies? Before we can provide an answer to this question, we need to address the ongoing debate in the literature about the relationship between mediator bias and mediation outcomes. A mediator is biased if its preferences are aligned With one party or the Other. A biased mediator cares not only for ending the hostilities but also for resolving the dispute in a particular way that is commensurate With its interests. Unbiased mediators, on the other hand, do not care about how an issue is resolved as long as peace is established. 12 Empirical and anecdotal evidence produce inconclusive results as to whether a biased mediator increases or decreases the likelihood of mediation success. Some scholars argue that biased mediation is detrimental to the success of mediation (Fisher 1995; Meek 2000; stubbles 1987; Young 1967). The proponents of this view argue that a mediator is more likely to be accepted and be more effective in persuading parties if it has no preference as to how a dispute is resolved. An unbiased mediator is likely to be successful because it is perceived to be fair and hence trusted by the disputants (Carnival and Pursuit 1392). To the extent that a mediator is untainted by any affinity with either of the disputants, a mediator is expected to be more effective in persuading the disputants to make concessions necessary to establish peace. A biased mediator, on the other hand, is unlikely to be trusted and its proposals are less likely to be accepted by the discovered party. While the proponents of impartiality perceive a mediators impartiality as the main source of its influence, the proponents of bias similarly contend that bias is a main source of mediators influence. Bias might actually increase a third partys ability to bring peace, as mediators are accepted by the spiting parties not because they are unbiased but because of their ability to influence and 12 Carnival and Radar (1996) make a theoretical distinction between what they call bias Of content and bias Of source characteristics. Bias Of content refers to a mediators favoring one disputant over the other in its proposal settlement, whereas the bias Of source characteristics refers to a mediators closer economic, political or cultural ties with one of the disputants. In this study, the way measure a mediators bias is closer to the bias of source characteristics than bias f content. Protect the interests of each party (Beets 1994; Creases and Pursuit 1985; Smith 1985: Wear and Laddered 1931). As bias contributes to a mediators capacity and desire to influence the outcome, a biased mediator should be preferred to an unbiased one. Carnival and Radar (1996) suggest that bias might add to the mediators ability to extract concessions from the favored party. A mediator may benefit from what Carnival and Radar call a cushioning effect. A mediator who needs to obtain concessions from a disputing party ought first to convince the disputant that he mediator has its interest at heart. If a mediator has close ties With one Of the disputants, it is easier for such a mediator to convince such a disputant that it is in the disputants interest to extend concessions to its antagonists. Similarly, Outfall (1982) argues that a mediator who is biased in favor of ones opponent can be advantageous, as the mediator can be expected to put pressure on its ally. Stephens (1388) suggests that one possible motivation for a disputant to accept mediation is the expectation that the mediator will convince the opponent to give concessions. The mispronunciations of the cushioning effect argument can be found in the cheap talk literature (Austin-Smith and Banks 2000; Calvert 1985; Myers 1998). The theory of cheap talk suggests that a mediators interests should be aligned with the receiver of the advice for the latter to believe the credibility of the message. A recent formal analysis of mediation outcomes by Kiddy (2003) explicates the logic of Outfall (1982) and Carnival and Radar (1996) further by addressing the mispronunciations to their argument. 13 Drawing upon the cheap talk and credible signals literatures, Kiddy (2003) argues that a mediator needs o be biased toward the receiver of the information in order to be able to convey information in a credible way. Kiddy (2003, 598) concludes that only a mediator who shares your policy preferences to some extent could be trusted to tell you that your opponent is likely to back down even in the absence of a significant concession. Similarly, it could be trusted if informs you that the adversary has high resolve and you should therefore give in. Therefore, biased mediators have an easier time in convincing their favored party to give concessions as the information they provide is considered credible by the latter. Kiddy (2003) armorial shows that if a mediator is unbiased, it is unlikely to have any credibility because it has an incentive to say anything that will minimize the probability of conflict. Similarly, a mediator who is against you cannot be trusted, either. If a mediator prefers a solution that is closer to the ideal point Of your opponent than yours, and if it believes that you will give in if you think that your opponent has high resolve, the mediator has a strong incentive to tell you that your opponent has high resolve even though it knows that is not the case. Only information provided by a mediator who shares your interest is credible. From Outfall (1982), Carnival and Radar (1996) and Kiddy (2003), we can derive the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 2: Mediators that are biased in favor of one of the disputants are more likely to be successful than unbiased mediators. The higher the degree of bias a mediator exhibits toward a disputant, the more likely is mediation success. The next section develops operational measures of a mediators information about the disputants and a mediators bias toward the disputants. This section is followed by a discussion of the specification of the econometric models designed o evaluate the above hypotheses and the findings of these models.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Social Networks †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Social Networks in Business. Answer: Introduction Social media has been in the fore front means of advertisement globally with many businesses currently focusing on social media as communication and marketing platform. In this sense, social media can refer to website or application that facilitate or enable users or subscribers to socialize and share ideas. Social network allows people from all over the world to register, connect, and comment on any topic posted. Therefore, social network enables network between different users that are particularly good for marketing or advertisement. Business can use the social network as its main marketing or advertisement. Social media being modern business advertisement platform is coupled with both advantages and disadvantages. Some examples of social include Instagram, twitter, Hangout, Google+, WhatsApp, Facebook, MySpace, and YouTube. The statistic shows that most businesses, companies, and institutions throughout Australia are connected to a social network. The following paper is a literat ure review that explores the advantages and disadvantages of a social network in business. Literature Review Advantages of Using Social Networks in Business The social network is one of the technological improvements that have to lead to the growth of many businesses in the world. This, therefore, explains the many advantages of a social network to business. There is much business that today its can attribute their success to the vast network of social media. Some advantages of a social network are communication platform, business advertisement, feedback mechanism, contact information, business research, online retailing, increase opportunity and marketing avenue. Modern business considers the social network as the mode of communication wherebusiness management can use to pass information to junior employees or customers. As Baker et al (2012) can explain social media or social network being the fastest form of communication that currently attracts many users gives both public and confident information. For instance, Heerde, Leenheer, Bijmolt Smidts (2007), indicate that WhatsApp is one of the best social media applications that can be used to pass confidential communication between management. Most of the businesses currently have switched from formal communication that mostly composed of memos and letters to social media since its the current trending mode of communication. In addition, Cristina (2012) explains that social network has proved effective especially as its facilitate faster delivery of information as compared to other former modes of communication. This means that social network can facilitate immediate feedback and often reach a large number of people at the same time. The social network in business has proved to one of the successful advertisement media with most users in Australia and globally. Using social network helps advertisers to reach over 16 million users within Australia alone. According to Trudy Chang (2016), manufacturers, and companies, in general, can introduce new products into the market through social network campaigns. A good design advertisement disseminated into social media or network may pick immediately leading to the success of the new product in the market. As cited by Peter Scott (2011), the social network also enables advertisers to share all the necessary information about a product that allows consumers to make an informed choice about the product. The social network has; therefore, transform business advertisement within Australia and around the world. Social network enables a business to collect all the feedback information about a product or service. According to Gentle (2012), both advertisers and business, in general, can currently collect all comments about a product especially from users and potential customers. Nowadays some social networks such as Facebook and Twitter allow users to comment as express their thought about products or advertisement. As Wellman (2008) explains, a social network can help review help manufacture evaluate the product performance. A study by Bowler Brass (2011) indicates that currently, most social network application has customer rating system enabling rating of satisfaction. As Denise (2013) confirms social media application especially those mobile software that easily integrated to devices hence users can use at their comfort. Paniagua Sapena (2014) explains the far social media has taken marketing research as many social networks have been turned into surveys. Customers who purchase products over the social media are allowed to comment on products and their taste of the product. According to Stretton Karklins et al (2015), marketing research can easily be conducted online as customers and potential customers are given chance to express their opinion about products. Moreover, business research is easier on a social network as users feel involved as compared to other surveys. The business research utilizes application cookies that allow site visitors leave information about products. Cranmer Desmarais (2011) cites some organizations that currently utilize data from a social network to evaluate advertisement viewers. In addition, pay per click adverts is used to show the number of viewers that click adverts within the social media. Social network helps expands online retailing since it has enabled online selling of connection between sellers and buyers. The social network is currently connected to most online retail shops or online marketplace. This according to Agozzino (2012), social network makes a good traffic control element that attracts views from a social network which is healthy. The social network also works to popularize online businesses since its has capability of opening the same retail page within social media. As indicated by Granovetter (2005), online retailing is an innovative idea that can be traced to increase social network, online users. Though Stretton Karklins et al (2015) contradicts use of social media in online shopping by an indication that not all users can buy products, the social network remains good online market place. Yochai (2006) conducted a study on a social network and indicated that social network also widens the business opportunity to sell products both online and in shops. Social network increase business opportunity beyond location limits since social network connect the business with other new people. According to Rodrigo Abraham (2012), developing appealing adverts attracts several users that are potential customers who buy products and services. In an agreement, Kassotakis (2010) explains that catchy adverts attract many viewers that are curious to find more about the service or products leading to contact. This remains a single problem of utilizing opportunity as pointed out by Granovetter (2005). As Cristina (2012) concludes those businesses that are connected to social network remains attractive and has wider opportunity to sell products abroad. This does not leave a clear connection between opportunities widen and the exact change in the purchase of products within the business. Disadvantages of using social networks in business Rodrigo Abraham (2012) shows that despite the many advantages that may be cited on a social network to the business, it could not lack challenges or disadvantages that can result from using a social network. Some of the most common disadvantages of in cooperating social networks in business include cyber insecurity of business due to hacking, low production due to misuse of a social network by business employees, negative comments by social network users, the potential avenue for scams and requires frequent software updates. According to Gloor, et al (2013), one of the most serious concerns about using the social network in business is cyber insecurity. Trudy and Chang (2016), also affirms that hackers have currently increased in number making social network security lower than before. Cyber insecurity may result in the downfall of business in the event of cyber attack as most hackers currently target social network due to many users. Moreover, as Stretton Karklins et al (2015) confirms, cyber attack makes business to lose millions of dollars and this is the recipe for business collapse. Similar research by Bowler Brass (2011) shows that social network is a major catalyst for hackers entering the system that can vastly affect numerous businesses especially those connected to one social media page or application. Though social network has been advertisement platform, expression of opinion on a certain product has proved destructive. Rodrigo Abraham (2012) indicates that negative comments on the social network may derail product performance leading loss of funds by advertisers. A similar study by Cristina (2012) also confirms that sharing of adverts in social media may also trigger emotional gung against a product or service as users respond differently on adverts. In addition, according to Huan and Kathleen (2016), dissatisfied customers can write or comment negatively about a service or product though there are minimal adverse feedback about that service or product. Stretton and Karklins et al (2015) summarizes cyber bulling of an employee is the worse experience that a business can get on a social network. Another disadvantage of a social network is the misuse of social medias pages or resources by business employees. As explained by Peter and Scott (2011), business with social networks normally suffers from misuse of internet resources for their own benefits. Social network such as Twitter or Facebook page for an organization has been reportedly misused by business employees who update their individual profiles instead of business. The productivity tied to adverts on the social network may reduce due to misuse of pages by employees as Denise (2013) comment on the disadvantage of social network and subsequently systems. Software frequent update is the grievous challenge to business using social media or network since it poses more security challenge. As reported by Estrada (2011), most mega online businesses like Amazon have good e-commerce software that is linked with security firewalls before connection to social network plugging. In order to effectively use social media, George (2011) advises every business to update its software especially security firewalls so that it can shield the business from hackers and virus. Kassotakis (2010) contrast the issue of software update indicating that software update is taken care of by social network website and application developers. Paniagua and Sapena (2014) also agree on the software update as one of the business threat links on a social network. Another area of challenge according to Gloor, et al (2013), is the growing scam and sales of fake services or products. A Recent study by Huan and Kathleen (2016) shows that many business and employees have become victims of a scam or fake services that are advertised on the social network. Agozzino (2012) cites some of the businesses that have experience theft or loss of millions of dollars to scam suppliers. Cranmer Desmarais (2011) explains that some fake business was not initially scam but due to huge sums of money they trade in leads to challenges of handling customers hence scam. In contrast, Yochai (2006) claim has been refuted by Rodrigo Abraham (2012), the author cites that once a business has been entrusted to handle sums of money there is a need for a good monetary system. When confirming this Ariel Avidar (2014) also indicates that business that deals in a monetary system need to remove any fear of mishandling of funds leading to scam. Knowledge gap The literature evidently reveals that social media advantages outweigh the negative effects of the social network. According to Chan (2014), a social network can lead to good performance of the business though the performance can sometimes not trance. The only part that remains is the ability to trace the connection social media or network subscribers and the customers in the business. In addition, research needs to be done to trace the connection between site viewer and buyers though some other researches indicate that more page views are correlated to sales as it attracts more customers. Conclusion In conclusion, a social network is an important aspect of business today that has both advantages and disadvantages. Some of the cited advantages of a social network are social network are communication platform, business advertisement, feedback mechanism, contact information, business research, online retailing, increase opportunity and marketing avenue. Disadvantages on the other hand are cyber insecurity of business due to hacking, low production due to misuse of a social network by business employees, negative comments by social network users and a potential avenue for scams requires frequent software updates. Upon examining the literature on advantages and disadvantages of the social media it is evident that the connection between a social network and business performance remains an issue of concern. References Agozzino, A. (2012), Building A Personal Relationship Through Social Media: A Study Of Millennial Students' Brand Engagement. Ohio Communication Journal, 50: 181204. Ariel, Y. Avidar, R. (2014), Information, Interactivity, and Social Media. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 23 (1): 1930. Baker, H.M.; et al (November 2012), Effect of online social networking on student academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 28 (6): 21172127 Bowler, W. M. Brass, D. J. (2011), Relational correlates of interpersonal citizenship behavior: A social network perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (1):7082. Chan, TH (2014), Facebook and its Effects on Users' Empathic Social Skills and Life Satisfaction: A Double Edged Sword Effect. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17 (5): 276280. Cristina, C. (2012), Social Media in Alternative Marketing Communication Model. Journal of Marketing Development Competitivness, 6: 117136. Cranmer, S. J, Desmarais, B. A, (2011), Inferential Network Analysis with Exponential Random Graph Models. Political Analysis, 19 (1): 6686. Denise, D.P. (10 January 2013), Microblogging to Foster Connections and Community in a Weekly Graduate Seminar Course. TechTrends. 57 (1): 4351. Estrada, E. (2011), The Structure of Complex Networks: Theory and Applications. Oxford University Press. Gentle, A. (2012), Conversation and Community: The Social Web for Documentation (2nd ed.). Laguna Hills, CA: XML Press Gloor, P. et al (2013), The power of prediction with social media. Internet Research, 23 (5): 52843 Granovetter, M, (2005), The Impact of Social Structure on Economic Outcomes. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19:(1) 33-50 George, B.A. (2011), Encyclopedia of Social Networks. 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